Exploring the stemflow dynamics and driving factors at both inter- and intra-event scales in a typical subtropical deciduous forest     

Haixia Zhang  Congsheng Fu  Aimin Liao  Can Zhang  Jiufu Liu  Niu Wang  Bin He 《水文研究》2021,35(3):e14091

Numerous efforts have been made to understand stemflow dynamics under different types of vegetation at the inter-event scale, but few studies have explored the stemflow characteristics and corresponding influencing factors at the intra-event scale. An in-depth investigation of the inter- and intra-event dynamics of stemflow is important for understanding the ecohydrological processes in forest ecosystems. In this study, stemflow volume (F_V), stemflow funnelling ratio (F_R), and stemflow ratio (F_%) from Quercus acutissima and Broussonetia papyrifera trees were measured at both inter- and intra-event scales in a subtropical deciduous forest, and the driving factors, including tree species and meteorological factors were further explored. Specifically, the F_V, F_R and F_% of Q. acutissima (52.3 L, 47.2, 9.6%) were lower than those of B. papyrifera (85.1 L, 91.2, 12.4%). The effect of tree species on F_V and F_% was more obvious under low intensity rainfall types. At the inter-event scale, F_V had a strong positive linear correlation with rainfall amount (G_P) and event duration (D_E) for both tree species, whereas F_R and F_% had a positive logarithmic correlation with G_P and D_E only under high-intensity, short-duration rainfall type. F_R and F_% were mainly affected by wind speed and the maximum 30-min rainfall intensity under low-intensity, long-duration rainfall type. At the intra-event scale, for both tree species, the mean lag time between the start of rainfall and stemflow was the shortest under high-intensity, short-duration rainfall type, while the mean duration and amount of stemflow after rain cessation were the greatest under high-amount, long-duration rainfall type. The relationship between stemflow intensity and rainfall intensity at the 5-min interval scale also depended greatly on rainfall type. These findings can help clarify stemflow dynamics and driving factors at both inter- and intra-event scales, and also provide abundant data and parameters for ecohydrological simulations in subtropical forests.  相似文献   

A two-layer model for studying 2D dissolved pollutant runoff over impermeable surfaces     

Taotao Zhang  Yang Xiao  Dongfang Liang  Hongwu Tang  Junzeng Xu  Saiyu Yuan  Nairu Wang  Bin Luan 《水文研究》2021,35(5):e14152

Dissolved pollutants in stormwater are a main contributor to water pollution in urban environments. However, many existing transport models are semi-empirical and only consider one-dimensional flows, which limit their predictive capacity. Combining the shallow water and the advection–diffusion equations, a two-dimensional physically based model is developed for dissolved pollutant transport by adopting the concept of a ‘control layer’. A series of laboratory experiments has been conducted to validate the proposed model, taking into account the effects of buildings and intermittent rainfalls. The predictions are found to be in good agreement with experimental observations, which supports the assumption that the depth of the control layer is constant. Based on the validated model, a parametric study is conducted, focusing on the characteristics of the pollutant distribution and transport rate over the depth. The hyetograph, including the intensity, duration and intermittency, of rainfall event has a significant influence on the pollutant transport rates. The depth of the control layer, rainfall intensity, surface roughness and area length are dominant factors that affect the dissolved pollutant transport. Finally, several perspectives of the new pollutant transport model are discussed. This study contributes to an in-depth understanding of the dissolved pollutant transport processes on impermeable surfaces and urban stormwater management.  相似文献   

下辽河平原景观格局演变与预测分析     

吕乐婷  杨勇  姜俊超  乔皓  白少杰 《地理信息世界》2021,28(5):73-78

以下辽河平原为研究对象,选取1980年、2010年和2018年Landsat TM/ETM+OLI卫星图像进行解译,得到3期土地利用数据,定量分析下辽河平原近40年土地利用时空变化特征.结合地形、交通通达度及限制转化因子采用FLUS(Future Land Use Simulation)模型对流域未来土地利用变化情景及景观格局进行了预测.结果表明:1980-2018年水田、林地、草地、沼泽面积均减少,其中水田面积减少量最大,占比减少了8.59％,旱地、水域和城镇的面积均有所上升,旱地的增长面积最大,占比增加了6.19％;水田、林地、水域转入为旱地面积最大,旱地转出为建设用地面积最大;1980-2018年景观格局发生了较大变化,景观的破碎化程度降低,斑块之间的连通度、聚集程度升高,土地利用的集约化程度增大;2018-2040年,下辽河平原建设用地和水田的变化面积最大,城市化过程更加显著,景观的多样性及空间异质性降低,人类对环境的干扰能力变大.  相似文献   

基于随机森林模型的农业电子商务浅析——洛川苹果网络销售问题与对策     

张晓涵  马敏飞  杨联安 《地下水》2020,(1):119-122

随着互联网产业的飞速发展,电子商务开始进入农业领域。以电子商务起步较早的"洛川苹果"作为研究对象进行调研。基于随机森林模型的决策树集成算法,对农业网络销售体系整体进行数据分析,模型构建,从问题表象出发挖掘其在不同部分的影响因子,最终基于影响因素解决问题,提出合理化建议:加强农村基础设施建设、健全农村公共服务体系以及完善农村电子商务培训制度等,因地制宜,推进农业电子商务的健康发展。  相似文献   

基于超像元词包特征和主动学习的高分遥感影像变化检测     

杨进一  徐伟铭  王成军  翁谦 《地球信息科学学报》2019,21(10):1594-1607

为解决高分辨率遥感影像变化检测中存在底层特征缺乏语义信息、像元级的检测结果存在“椒盐”现象以及监督分类中样本标注自动化程度较低,本文提出一种基于超像元词包特征和主动学习的变化检测方法。首先采用熵率分割算法获取叠加影像的超像元对象;其次提取两期影像像元点对间的邻近相关影像特征（相关度、斜率和截距）和顾及邻域的纹理变化强度特征（均值、方差、同质性和相异性）,经线性组合作为像元点对的底层特征;然后基于像元点对底层特征利用BOW模型构建超像元词包特征,并采用一种改进标注策略的主动学习方法从无标记样本池中优选信息量较大的样本,且自动标注样本类别;最后训练分类器模型完成变化检测。通过选用2组不同地区的GF-2影像和Worldview-Ⅱ影像作为数据源进行实验,实验结果中2组数据集的F1分数分别为0.8714、0.8554,正确率分别为0.9148、0.9022,漏检率分别为0.1681、0.1868,误检率分别为0.0852、0.0978。结果表明,该法能有效识别变化区域、提高变化检测精度。此外,传统主动学习方法与改进标注策略的主动学习方法的学习曲线对比显示,改进的标注策略可在较低精度损失下,有效提高样本标注自动化程度。  相似文献   

利用InSAR资料反演宁洱Ms6.4地震震源参数及库仑应力变化     

陈晨月  冯光财  高华  杨怀宁 《大地测量与地球动力学》2019,39(3):295-301

首先利用ALOS PALSAR数据，通过D-InSAR技术获取2007-06-03云南宁洱MS6.4地震的同震形变场，然后基于Okada弹性半空间位错模型反演该地震的断层几何以及精细滑动分布，最后计算宁洱地震后周边断层的静态库仑应力变化。结果表明，形变主要集中在西盘，最大视线向形变量为51.6 cm；反演得到的震源位置为23.05°N、101.02°E，深度3 km，断层走向145°，倾向49.5°，平均滑动角153°，发震断层为NNW向普洱断裂，断层活动以右旋走滑为主，兼具逆冲分量；断层面最大滑动量为1.2 m，反演得到的震级为MW619。基于库仑应力场发现，磨黑断裂处于库仑应力增加区域，而2014年景谷地震位于负值区域。结合实地考察资料和反演结果表明，宁洱地震为浅源地震，但断层并未出露地表。  相似文献   

长江河口潮波传播机制及阈值效应分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张先毅  黄竞争  杨昊  欧素英  刘锋  蔡华阳  杨清书 《海洋与湖沼》2019,50(4):788-798

河口潮波传播过程受沿程地形(如河宽辐聚、水深变化)及上游径流等诸多因素影响,时空变化复杂。径潮动力非线性相互作用研究有利于揭示河口潮波传播的动力学机制,对河口区水资源高效开发利用具有重要指导意义。本文基于2007—2009年长江河口沿程天生港、江阴、镇江、南京、马鞍山、芜湖的逐日高、低潮位数据及大通站日均流量数据,统计分析不同河段潮波衰减率与余水位坡度随流量的变化特征,结果表明潮波衰减率绝对值与余水位坡度随流量增大并不是单调递增,而是存在一个阈值流量和区域,对应潮波衰减效应的极大值。为揭示这一阈值现象,采用一维水动力解析模型对研究河段的潮波传播过程进行模拟。结果表明,潮波传播的阈值现象主要是由于洪季上游回水作用随流量加强,余水位及水深增大,导致河口辐聚程度减小,而余水位坡度为适应河口形状变化亦有所减小,从而形成相对应的阈值流量和区域。  相似文献   

Genesis of S-type Granites in the Pengshan Sn-polymetallic Ore Field, Northern Jiangxi Province and its Implications     

YIN Qingqing  XIANG Xinkui  YU Zhendong  YANG Xiufeng  WANG Tianchen  ZHONG Bo  TAN Rong  LIAO Jianhai  ZHU Yuansong 《《地质学报》英文版》2020,94(6):1860-1873

The Pengshan Sn-polymetallic ore field is located in the southeastern part of the Yangtze block, spanning the southeast edge of the MLYDZ and the northern edge of the mid-segment of the Jiangnan Uplift, and on one side of the MLYDZ. The studies of LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb chronology and petrogeochemistry for Early Cretaceous acid granites from the Pengshan ore field were carried out in this paper. We report zircon U–Pb geochronology and whole-rock geochemistry for acid granites in the Pengshan ore field. The zircon U–Pb ages of the muscovite-granite, biotite adamellite and granite-porphyry are 127.6 ± 1.7 Ma, 126.9 ± 1.6 Ma and 126.6 ± 2.0 Ma, respectively. The granites in Pengshan are characterized by a high silicon content and are rich in alkali. They belong to high-potassium, calc-alkaline, peraluminous granite. The rocks have a relatively high Rb/Ba ratio, and the data points for muscovite-granite and biotite adamellite all fall within the clay-rich sources region, near the pelite-derived end-member, showing that the Pengshan muscovite-granite and biotite adamellite mainly originated from the partial melting of metapelites with high maturity. The transformation of the compressional and extensional tectonics in this region approximately 128 Ma obviously lags behind that in the mid-segment of the Jiangnan Uplift (135 Ma), but occurred earlier than the MLYDZ (126 Ma). The Pengshan ore field extends from the mid-segment of the Jiangnan Uplift to the MLYDZ. Although the tectonic stress field is constrained by the combination of the two secondary tectonic units, the time of tectonic system transformation is closer to the MLYDZ because the spatial orientation of the area is enclosed in the MLYDZ. Relevant geophysical and drilling data confirm the rationality of Pengshan–Ao’xia as a multi-center vertical zoning ore field, and show the scientificity of the prospecting idea of abutting joint between the north-west of Pengshan area and the south-east of Ao’xia area.  相似文献   

岩溶山区崩滑灾害变形破坏地质模式分类     

郭静芸  李守定  李滨  李晓  毕鑫涛  方然可 《中国岩溶》2020,39(4):478-491

岩溶山区特殊的地质结构导致崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害时常发生，带来了严重的人员伤亡和经济社会损失。研究岩溶山区崩滑灾害特征，建立相应的变形破坏地质模式，对于岩溶山区崩滑灾害风险防控与治理工程具有重要理论意义与指导价值。文章以典型地质灾害形成演化过程为例，在系统地分析研究区典型崩滑灾害地质背景、影响因素、动力学与运动学特征的基础上，提出了岩溶山区崩滑灾害变形破坏地质模式，得出以下主要结论:（1）影响崩滑成灾基本因素（崩滑灾害体势能、岩溶结构面、岩组结构、斜坡地貌和斜坡结构）、影响因素（水文地质条件、工程活动、地震、降雨）和变形运动特征（运动形式和变形机制）三个方面，据此建立了岩溶山区崩滑灾害地质分类指标体系。（2）结合研究区特征对模型体系里面的每个要素进行系统分析，崩滑灾害的发生是各个要素相互组合、相互作用的结果。（3）总结了研究区内5种典型崩滑地质模式:高势能反倾降雨型高速远程滑坡—碎屑流模型、高势能斜倾视向采矿型高速远程崩滑灾害模型、超高势能横向陡倾地震型高速远程滑坡、高势能采矿型高速崩塌—碎屑流模型、低势能差异风化崩塌模型。为后续开展物理模拟、数值模拟、稳定性计算和变形破坏预测等工作奠定基础。下一步将更加深入全面地建立研究区的崩滑灾害模式，并进行崩滑灾害的危险性分级工作。   相似文献   

微量硫化物、硫酸盐硫同位素EA-IRMS在线测试分析     

武晓珮  范昌福  胡斌  高建飞  李延河 《地球学报》2020,41(5):605-612

常规EA-IRMS硫同位素测试中, 硫化银(Ag2S)的需样量为0.2~1.0 mg, 硫酸钡(BaSO4)的需样量为0.35~1.5 mg, 较大的需样量已难以满足珍贵样品及微区样品的分析要求, 因此如何减少测试样品量已成为EA-IRMS测试分析工作中急需解决的问题。通过对EA-IRMS测试系统的研究发现, 在采用常规方法测试样品时, 由于初始He载气流速(100 mL/min)、进入分流接口时的流速(10 mL/min)与进入离子源时流速 (0.3 mL/min)的差异导致样品燃烧产生的目标气体中99.7%的气体被浪费, 样品的总体利用率仅有0.3%。因此如何减少样品在测试过程中的损耗, 提高样品的利用率, 从而减少需样量的关键在于缩小载气流速的差距。本实验在常规EA-IRMS测试技术基础上进行了关键改进,在元素分析仪和分流接口之间设计增加一个由六通阀和自动加热冷阱构成的装置, 自动加热冷阱可在Load模式时收集SO2气体, 六通阀在Load-Inject模式之间切换时可改变He载气流速, 通过与分流接口匹配的反吹He载气(10 mL/min)将冷阱中富集的SO2气体送入分流接口, 从而保证进入分流接口前样品燃烧产生的SO2气体全部收集。这一改进, 理论上可以将样品的利用率提高10倍, 该系统需硫量降至3~13 μg, 并且可以提高反应管的寿命, 降低清灰的频率, 提高工作效率。同时有效避免了拖尾的产生, 提高分析结果的精密度。本次微量样品实验获得的硫同位素数据与常规方法一致, 分析精度优于0.15‰(1SD), 测量值与真值的差异在0.4‰以内, 达到国际同类实验室先进水平。此外, 该方法可为微量有机碳、氮同位素EA-IRMS测试分析工作的开展提供参考经验。  相似文献